Though, it is important to bear in mind that IPA is fundamentally a subjective research approach, so two analysts working with the same data may come up with different interpretations [1,22]. Secondly, questions have been raised whether IPA can accurately capture the experiences and meanings of experiences rather than opinions of it. Perceptions of patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and their informal caregivers on palliative care as a treatment option: a qualitative study. Errasti-Ibarrondo B, Jordán JA, Díez-Del-Corral MP, Arantzamendi M. J Adv Nurs. Epub 2019 Jan 24. It will then go on to introduce the philosophical foundations of phenomenology. Conducting qualitative longitudinal research using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Your blog sums up the steps in Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis really well. Furthermore, four contemporary phenomenological approaches which do not easily fit the Husserlian and Heideggerian or the descriptive-hermeneutic divide have been identified: Life world approaches; first person accounts; reflexive, relational approaches; and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) [2]. USA.gov. Heidegger suggested Dasein to represent the unique existence of human beings or literally being there in the world to express the inter-relationship and inter-connectedness of human experience [2,13]. The desire to understand the theoretical underpinnings of this research approach is evident. His work also prompts IPA researchers to be reflexive in their interpretation in relation to their fore-understanding of the phenomenon being investigated [1]. The paper begins with a brief overview and rationale for qualitative research approach. J Adv Nurs. IPA is an integrative hermeneutic phenomenology [2] first proposed by Jonathan Smith [3] in a paper that argued for an experiential appro… The most vigorous criticism of IPA is that the methodology suffers from four major conceptual and practical limitations. In that Dasein is thrown into this pre-existing world of people and objects, language and culture, and cannot be meaningfully detached from it. This is described as an idiographic mode of inquiry as Researchers attempt to study things in their natural settings and attempt to make sense of, or interpret the meanings people assign to their experiences in everyday language [5]. The e-book also explains all stages of the research process starting from the selection of the research area to writing personal reflection. IPA has been criticized for being riddled with ambiguities as well as lacking standardization [21]. The dynamism of interpretation and reflection resounds excellently with the hermeneutic circle model that deals with the dynamic relationship between the ‘part’ and the ‘whole’ at numerous levels for a holistic analytical interpretation. IPA allows the researcher to gain a phenomenological account of participant’s experiences. Nurse Res. Aim: The aim of this article is to examine the approach of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) and to add to discussions regarding the contribution that the approach can make to healthcare research. Service user involvement enhanced the research quality in a study using interpretative phenomenological analysis - the power of multiple perspectives. Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) may be used by the researcher whose research question requires “Participants interpretation of the topic under investigation” (cited in Smith et al, Chapter 15 ` Doing Interpretive phenomenological analysis). Thematic analysis has been poorly branded, yet widely used in qualitative research (Braun & Clarke, 2006), and has been rarely appreciated in the same way as grounded theory, ethnography, or phenomenology.Braun and Clarke (2006) argued that thematic analysis should be a foundational method for qualitative analysis, as it provides core skills for conducting many other forms of qualitative analysis. Specific design features of an interpretative phenomenological analysis study. There are many benefits that employees can avail from the flexitime. Presentation to the School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Sheffield. Conclusion: IPA is a forward-looking research approach that adopts a flexible and versatile design to understand people’s experiences. The desire to understand the theoretical underpinnings of this research approach is evident. Given a scenario or a rocket launch system. In Sartre’s view, human nature is more about becoming than being therefore; there is freedom of choice as well as responsibilities for our own actions. They are inductive and share similarities in exploring ‘what’ ‘why’ and ‘how’ questions, as opposed to ‘how much’ and ‘how many’ preferred by quantitative studies. IPA is part of a family of phenomenological psychology approaches, all of which differ to some degree in their theoretical emphases and methodological commitments but are in broad This paper will hopefully equip researchers when deciding on the appropriate research methodology to their research topic. The psychosocial and service delivery impact of genomic testing for inherited retinal dystrophies. Objective: This paper is aimed at providing an overview and limitations of IPA. An authentic research inquiry seeking to understand the experiences of its participants will also seek to explore the conditions that triggered the experiences which are located in past events, histories or social-cultural domain [7]. In summary, it has been shown from above that even in the presence of solid philosophical foundation; many IPA studies are still conducted badly. Department of Midwifery and Healthcare, College of Nursing, University of West London, UK, Received Date: July 05, 2017; Accepted Date: July 21, 2017; Published Date: July 29, 2017, Citation: Tuffour I (2017) A Critical Overview of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: A Contemporary Qualitative Research Approach. There are multiple and diverse epistemological roots for qualitative approaches, but they converge in the context of how meaning making takes place [6,7]. 2006 Jul;55(2):215-29. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03898.x. These follow the broad philosophical traditions of Husserl and Heidegger, respectively [2]. Context: Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) has become a dominant qualitative research methodology in many academic disciplines. But the criticism could be seen as elitist, suggesting only those having access to the right level of fluency are allowed to describe their experiences. However, two broad categories can be identified: descriptive and hermeneutic. Moreover, phenomenological research is suitable with the most eloquent individuals [7]. The key philosophers of this approach are Husserl, Heidegger, Sarte, Merleu-Ponty, Schutz, van den Berg, and two contemporary philosophers: Dahlberg and Ashworth [2]. Objective: This paper is aimed at providing an overview and limitations of IPA. While it is acknowledged that different phenomenologists place different emphasis on the role of sensation and physiology in relation to intellectual or rationale domain, the place of the body as essential element in experience cannot be overlooked [1]. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Or to examine what Heidegger terms as throw-ness. The approach is inspired by the ideals of Husserl who believes that access to the world is through consciousness as experienced from the first-person perspective. He also argued that empiricism has failed to adequately conceptualize the mechanisms of perception and judgement, and that it is essential to acknowledge human existence in shaping the elementary principles of knowing the world. The desire to know more about this qualitative research methodology has intensified. The first-person approach incorporates concrete narrative descriptions of momentous events with theoretical discussion and/or literary flourish thus, catapulting personal reflection to a detailed and deep analysis that embellishes experiences [2]. As already noted, Merleau-Ponty focused much of his work on subjectivity, embodiment and our relationship to the world [1]. This approach strives to find the intentional relationship between the conscious, social, perceptual, and practical experiences by analyzing time, space, and the taken-for granted presentation of experience. [1] rebuff this by arguing that the IPA’s prerequisite of sense-making and meaning-making which encompass formal reflection clearly resonates with cognitive psychology. The Cons of Phenomenological Research. 2020 Jan 31;21(1):61. doi: 10.1186/s12891-020-3055-5. In relation to IPA, the ‘part’ corresponds to the encounter with the participant in a research project, and the ‘whole’ the drawing of knowledge and experience of the researcher [1]. If the phenomenological on dissertation interpretative analysis velocity of the photographs. J Adv Nurs. Like Husserl, researchers primarily seek to capture the participants’ experiences of a phenomenon by bracketing their fore-knowledge [1]. Hermeneutic phenomenology therefore embraces the literary and poetic aesthetic application of language that emanates from the process and product of research [10]. Data is analyzed inductively to understand the meanings the participants assign to their experiences. This may be particularly the case when interviewing people about sensitive issues such as mental illness. Moreover, the interpretive nature of the approach enables the researcher to derive insights from the respondents by employing curiosity, open-mindedness, empathy, and flexibility to listen to people narrating their stories in their own natural settings to identify how their experiences and behaviours are shaped by the context of their social, cultural, economic and historical worlds [2]. Sartre’s work offers IPA researchers the most comprehensive glimpse of what a phenomenological analysis of human experience should look like in the context of personal, social relationships, and moral encounters [1]. Critical appraisal of rigour in interpretive phenomenological nursing research. This particular research method assesses how respondents in the course of an interview make sense of questions and comments raised in relation to events and actions in their lives.  |  Pain as an assault on the self: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the psychological impact of chronic back pain. In the case. However, a modern way of conducting a phenomenological research is IPA. Primary data generated in interpretivist studies cannot be generalized since data is heavily impacted by personal viewpoint and values. J Community Genet. Husserl’s thesis on phenomenology has been criticized by many for being too philosophical, conceptual and difficult to decipher [1]. Objective: This paper is aimed at providing an overview and limitations of IPA. Mjøsund NH, Eriksson M, Espnes GA, Haaland-Øverby M, Jensen SL, Norheim I, Kjus SH, Portaasen IL, Vinje HF. Moreover, qualitative research can be used to explore less known or less understood topics or phenomenon to help bring to the forefront unexpected knowledge. One of the striking features of IPA is a detailed and systematic analysis of consciousness. Exploring NursEs lived Experience of Discussions about Sexual health, with kidney patients in Devon (NEEDS). To identify core structures and features of human experience, Husserl encouraged the questioning of natural attitude through phenomenological reflection and dissuaded things being taken for granted. content analysis covering a spectrum of approaches ranging from empirical phenomenological psychology to hermeneutical-phenomenological psychology, depending on the data source (Holloway & Wheeler 1996:2-3; Van der Wal 1999:55). Qualitative research explores and understands the meanings people assign to their experiences [4,5]. 2014 Sep;22(1):20-5. doi: 10.7748/nr.22.1.20.e1277. Thus, IPA believes that Heidegger’s concept of appearance of being captures the essence of interpretation well. It was developed by Jonathan Smith, Professor of Psychology, Birkbeck University of London. 'Like a human being, I was an equal, I wasn't just a patient': Service users' perspectives on their experiences of relationships with staff in mental health services. Finally, the assertion that IPA is concerned with cognition exposes it to criticism because some aspects of phenomenology are not compatible with cognition and the role of cognition in phenomenology is not properly understood [7] However, Smith et al. Methods: A range of literature on qualitative research approach and phenomenology is reviewed. Then followed by the theoretical underpinnings and criticisms of IPA. Interpretative phenomenological analysis is discussed and critiqued in relation to other phenomenological approaches; benefits, potential limitations and rigour of studies using the method are explored. Thus, Merleau-Ponty suggested that humans are unique and different from everything else in the world, and therefore use their holistic sense to engage with the world. Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov, Get the latest research information from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus, Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/. ... Flexitime Advantages And Disadvantages 1689 Words | 7 Pages. Thus, Heidegger’s work invites IPA researchers to ground their stance in the lived world of things, people, relationships and language, and question knowledge outside interpretation because interpretation of people’s meaning-making of their experience is fundamental to phenomenological inquiry. In the first-person approach, researchers use their own subjective experiences and descriptive or hermeneutic approaches to examine the quality and essences of a phenomenon. Therefore, the IPA researcher embarks on studying Dasein by immersing himself/herself in the world of the participants through a lens of cultural and socio-historical meanings [14]. Smith, J.A. Couple interview is one of the qualitative data collection methods that can be utilized in health psychology research designs, such as interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) design. 2. BERA 2009 Research SIG.  |  Its emphasis on convergence and divergence of experiences, as well as its mission in examining detailed and nuanced analysis of the lived experience of small number participants [1], is particularly appealing to many researchers. Qualitative research includes ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory and historical research. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The aim of this article is to examine the approach of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) and to add to discussions regarding the contribution that the approach can make to healthcare research. A … eCollection 2018 Jul. Try to find out as hoped. Phenomenology has evolved into a relatively mature qualitative research methodology during the last decades of the twentieth century largely due to a seismic shift from mainly deductive quantitative research to inductive research. 2014 Jan;21(3):8-12. doi: 10.7748/nr2014.01.21.3.8.e1226. It is only by understanding meanings that nurses can influence health behaviour and lifestyles. Aim: This is a methodology discussion that compares and contrasts IPA with other phenomenological approaches. Solution dfdaxy dfdayx. Epub 2019 Feb 5. Meaning in this context is deemed as something fluid that is continuously open to new insight, revision, interpretation, and reinterpretation [1,10]. The research questions determine the data-collecting strategies. Heidegger argued that the primary concern for existential phenomenologists is to investigate and interpret existence as it is humanly experienced [13]. Heated debates have ensued about the appropriate ways to undertake phenomenological research. Qualitative research methodologies focus on meaning and although use similar methods have differing epistemological and ontological underpinnings, with each approach offering a different lens to explore, interpret or explain phenomena in real-world contexts and settings. Thus, meaning in his view is indispensable to experience. Ricoeur linked phenomenology and hermeneutics by explaining that experience and meaning are closely intertwined. Then the issues and advantages of thematic analysis are discussed. NIH & Murray, C. (2010). The open-ended questions were analyzed qualitatively, using Nvivo 9, following interpretative phenomenological analysis. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is concerned with the detailed examination of personal lived experience. Context: Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) has become a dominant qualitative research methodology in many academic disciplines. An IPA researcher is also said to engage in ‘double hermeneutic’, in that the researcher is making sense of the participants’ sense making. Furthermore, pure experience advocated by Husserl is elusive and inaccessible because experience is usually witnessed after the event has already happened [1]. What’s more, qualitative research is designed to study people’s life experiences and deliberately shuns quantitative preoccupation with measuring, counting and prediction in favour of describing, exploring, understanding and interpreting how a phenomenon [2]. Together, these authors have formulated the argument that we are embedded in the world of language and social relationships and that we cannot escape the historical accuracy of all understanding [2]. Its emphasis on convergence and divergence of experiences, as well as its mission in examining detailed and nuanced analysis of the lived experience of small number participants [1], is particularly appealing to many researchers. Smith’s Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), which has gained considerable purchase in the qualitative psychology field in the United Kingdom, is one such example. Lifeworld is a descriptive and/or hermeneutic research approach used to explore how everyday experience shows itself in the lifeworld of individuals. That said, he acknowledges that certain human complexities require the individual’s life, his biographical history, and the social situation to be taken into consideration. IPA is a qualitative research approach. [1] have argued that IPA uses hermeneutic, idiographic and contextual analysis to understand the cultural position of the experiences people. However, it has methodological limitations and need to be considered. At the core of his philosophy is a protracted argument about the pivotal role perception plays in understanding and engaging the world [2]. But its structured approach and qualitative orientation seems to appeal to other disciplines in human, social and health care research [1,2]. These approaches can be drawn from any of the major philosophers of phenomenology work, but the works of Gadamer, Gendlin, Levinas and Buber are particularly appreciated because of their dialogical and empirical spirits [2]. As seen from the above, various phenomenological inspired research approaches use different approaches ranging from pure description to interpretation [11]. Data sources: Others also point out that it is mostly descriptive and not sufficiently interpretative [12,22,23]. 2:52. doi: 10.4172/2472-1654.100093. But in their rebuttal of this criticism, they accept that meaning making takes place in the context of narratives, discourse, metaphors etc., and whilst the primary purposes of IPA are to gain insight into experience, it is always intertwined with language [1]. Researchers are required to carefully follow this idiographic approach throughout the analytic process for a meticulous detailed examination of the convergence and divergence between the participants’ experiences. Context: Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) has become a dominant qualitative research methodology in many academic disciplines. Put simply, the researcher is required to adopt a phenomenological attitude and bracket or put aside past knowledge or presuppositions [2]. They also seek to investigate complexities of our social world. A systematic literature review was undertaken to identify published papers in the area of health psychology employing IPA. Furthermore, qualitative research seeks to understand the inside perspectives of the participants from the participants themselves. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) is an increasingly popular approach to qualitative inquiry and essentially an attempt to understand how participants experience and make meaning of their world. Interpretative phenomenological analysis offers an adaptable and accessible approach to phenomenological research intended to give a complete and in-depth account that privileges the individual. Furthermore, as a qualitative research approach, IPA gives researchers the best opportunity to understand Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis 55 Smith-2e-3625-Ch-04.qxd 9/26/2007 8:05 PM Page 55. not to say that IPA is opposed to more general claims for larger populations; it is just that it is committed to the painstaking analysis of cases rather than jump-ing to generalizations. Therefore, the emphasis is upon seeking to explore the patterns of unanticipated and expected relationships in cases or phenomena [8,9]. Hough M, Shepherd M, Chauhan R, Powell R, Childs J. Nurs Open. Epub 2018 Apr 17. BMC Palliat Care. The findings of the study were categorized into four main themes including; knowledge of human trafficking, causes of human trafficking, roles of Psychol Psychother. This study provides insights into this growing area of qualitative research approach. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) music education qualitative research: Summary Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) has developed internationally into a growing qualitative approach to research in the areas of psychology, health sciences, social sciences, education and also specifically in music education. It is therefore emic and idiographic. Conclusion: Ibid. This study has argued that qualitative research in general and IPA specifically offers flexible and versatile approach to understanding people’s experiences. IPA is particularly attractive because of its commitment to explore, describe, interpret, and situate the participants’ sense making of their experiences [1,12]. Though such interest has also contributed to the proliferation of the approach with little consensus of what constitutes the methodology. In view of all that has been discussed so far, one may understand that IPA is indeed a forward-looking research methodology that has the potential in understanding and interpreting the experiences of people [17,18], because it offers practical and accessible guidelines in conducting phenomenological research [1,19,20]. Analysis. But, Smith et al. IPA is an integrative hermeneutic phenomenology [2] first proposed by Jonathan Smith [3] in a paper that argued for an experiential approach in psychology that could equally dialogue with mainstream psychology. Thus, research findings are suffused with philosophical, theoretical, literary and interpretative lenses resulting to an aspect of human experience grounded on unrestricted imagination and metaphorical sensibility. 1, pp. It will also discuss the advantages and challenges of utilizing IPA during the doctoral years. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA); Phenomenology; Qualitative research. Interpretative phenomenological analysis is an approach to qualitative, experiential research that has been gaining in momentum and popularity over the past 10-15 years. 2020 Aug 20;19(1):133. doi: 10.1186/s12904-020-00640-y. The main theoretical underpinnings of IPA: phenomenology, hermeneutics, idiography [1] is next discussed. But the complex and dynamic way they unpack the relationship between interpretation and fore-understanding may reveal a more robust and cyclical reflexive bracketing [1]. Yet, the critical unanswered question is whether both the participants and researchers have the requisite communication skills to successfully communicate the nuances of experiences. Thus, one important theoretical touchstone for IPA is phenomenology, which originated with Husserl's attempts to … The next major theoretical underpinning of IPA is hermeneutics, which is the art and science of interpretation or meaning. Advantages and disadvantages of positivism and phenomenology. The general focus of the descriptive phenomenological approach is to examine the essence or structure of experiences in the way it occurs to our conscious. Although each of these stakeholdersstockholders. Furthermore, Heidegger illuminates that our being in the world presents us with fundamental interpretative situation that compels us to ask questions about our world [10]. tative phenomenological analysi s (IPA) in their research. In reflexive-relational approaches, data and/or meanings are seen to emerge out of the context or dialogue between the researcher and the participant who is regarded as co-researcher in the embodied dialogical encounter. Thus, descriptions of the experiences are anchored rigorously to the data without the influence of any external theory. Conducting phenomenological research: Rationalizing the methods and rigour of the phenomenology of practice. A sharp departure from the above is the ideas from hermeneutic or interpretative approach which is based on the principles that reduction is impossible and thus, rejects the idea of suspending personal opinions in favour of interpretation of experiences. Smith argues that his idiographic and inductive method, which seeks to explore participants’ personal lived experiences, is Results: The article illuminates that IPA represents a highly useful methodology in providing a rich and nuance insight into the experiences of research participants. This paper has provided a valuable contribution to our understanding of IPA, future researchers who are motivated in providing interesting and detailed insights into the subjective lived experiences of people [1] might consider IPA as their preferred research methodology. Researcher reflexivity and researcher-participant (inter-)subjectivity is celebrated. of both focus groups and analysis of … Early approaches to different conditions are individually neces sary conditions for the compound object. 2017 Jan;73(1):265-278. doi: 10.1111/jan.13093. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is an experiential qualitative approach to research in psychology and the human, health and social sciences. Appraisal of rigour in interpretive phenomenological Nursing research J. Nurs Open Smith, Professor of psychology Birkbeck. Health and social sciences step-by-step description on how to con-duct an IPA study research being used increasing... 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